{"id":105295,"date":"2026-01-07T10:39:03","date_gmt":"2026-01-07T10:39:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alsafernews.com\/ar\/?p=105295"},"modified":"2026-01-07T10:39:08","modified_gmt":"2026-01-07T10:39:08","slug":"%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%b3%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a3%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%84-%d9%8a%d9%83%d8%aa%d8%a8-%d8%b4%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alsafernews.com\/ar\/?p=105295","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628: \u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0632 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><br>\u200e<br>  \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u062f\u062f 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\u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0632\u062c\u064a (1847 &#8211; 1906) \u0647\u0648 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a.<br>3- \u0625\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a: (1890 &#8211; 1957).<br>\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062c\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1889 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1957) \u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643.<br>4- \u062c\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 (1883 &#8211; 1931).<br>\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a.<br>\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u062e\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1895)\u060c \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1923)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a.<br>5- \u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 (1885 &#8211; 1968).<br>\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0642\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0637\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a.<br>6- \u0645\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 (1886 &#8211; 1941) \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629.<br>\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c 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\u0648\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0641\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0645:<br>1- \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0637\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646 (1905- 1941).<br>\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0634\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646.<br>\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633.<br>\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 (1914 &#8211; 1918)\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a 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(1922).<br>\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1923)\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0634\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1924)\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1927).<br>\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u062a\u0647 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(1959)\u060c \u062d\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0643\u0646\u0633\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a.<br>\u0639\u0627\u0634\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 (1990) \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 (2007) \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0647\u0632 (85) 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